Greenhouse Effect - Natalie White

Greenhouse Effect

Natalie White

Summery - The greenhouse effect is a natural process where the heat from the sun hits the Earth and some is reflected back to space and the rest is trapped in the atmosphere by greenhouse grasses. Greenhouse gasses are any gaseous compound, that can absorb radiation, in the atmosphere. These gasses act as a blanket over the Earth.  The Greenhouse effect affects global warming which causes weather patterns to change. It is currently at the highest its been in over 3 million years. 

Negative effects - 

• more drought and more flooding
• less ice and snow
• more extreme weather incidents
• rising sea level

References

"What Is The Greenhouse Effect?". Global Warming Facts. N.p., 2017. Web. 20 May 2017.

Reflection - I had always knew about greenhouses but I thought it was a conspiracy that it was linked with global warming or that it was fake. However global warming is very real and is affecting our environment and also has 

Outside of biology - These greenhouse gasses have a serious effect on our atmosphere and we can take measures to help slow it such as reducing, reusing, recycling, using less energy, less heating and air, driving less or driving a smarter car and many others. 

More at - http://www.greenenergyhelpfiles.com/articles/17.htm

Ways to slow down the greenhouse effect - http://www.eastgwillimbury.ca/Services/Environment/Ten_Ways_to_Reduce_Greenhouse_Gases.htm?PageMode=Print

GAME!

Geographic Isolation

* A population of any organism that are separated from exchanging their genetic material with other organisms of the same species. Basically two of the same species that are separated so they can't breed.
* Typically happens do to an accident or coincidence.
* Can lead to speciation.
* Examples of Geographic Isolation are isolation by barrier, isolation by distance, isolation after an event, and isolation by separation.
* Isolation by Barrier: People in Finland develop certain disease because of the lack of genetic materials from other races. They can't get other genetic materials because of the water surrounding them from the rest of the world.
* Isolation by Distance: A group of differentiated bottlenose dolphins become extinct after becoming separated from members of its species.
* Isolation after an Event: An earthquake separates two populations from each other causing each different population to have different genetic makeup to the other. (I don't know if that makes sense.)
* Isolation by Separation: A population of brown-haired people are separated from other populations and don't mix with other hair-colors. This cause a town of homogenous brown-hair color.

Reflection:
In summary, geographic isolation causes speciation by separating the same species where they begin to start adapting to the environment they were put in. Like when Charles Darwin did his finches experiment, he separated the finches in different environments and studied them. Over time the finches adapted to their new environment. At least I think thats what he did. Nothing in this topic really surprised me because it has everything in the title. It's just geographically isolating a population to create speciation. It wasn't something I knew before but we did learn about geography. This subject is kind of easy because of its name. You can apply this outside of biology by helping to create some kind of new species maybe or help track down ancestors of some new organism.

"Examples of Geographic Isolation." Your Dictionary, examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-geographic-isolation.html. Accessed 19 May 17.

Genetic Variation: Random Assortment

What is Random Assortment?

     Random, or independent, assortment is the random order in which the chromatids of a homologous pair line up within the cell. 

When does Random Assortment occur?

     Random/Independent Assortment occurs during Metaphase 1 in Meiosis. 

How does it cause Genetic Variation?

     A child receives two chromatids for every homologous pair. They receive one from each parent. Each chromatid contains its own set of DNA. Depending on which side of the cell the chromatid is on during the Anaphase & Telophase steps, a cell with its own set of unique DNA will be formed. 

Reflection 

     Random assortment is a process that occurs during Meiosis and is a crucial factor that contributes to genetic variation. 

Citations

Black, Jordan. "Meiosis". 2017. Presentation.

"Definition Of INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT". Merriam-webster.com. N.p., 2017. Web. 19 May 2017.

"Sam And Ahmad". Bio1.yolasite.com. N.p., 2017. Web. 19 May 2017.

Symbiotic Relationship: Mutualism

Mutualism

Symbiosis Effects

Mutualism - Both are benefit

Mutualism- Is the way two different species exist in a relationship in which each individual benefits from the activity the other 

 Reflection- Mutualismshave long been seen as exchanges of benefits, of which one can identify a few main types: (a) nutritional: either the breakdownof com-pounds by digestion for the partner, or supply of growth factors or nutrients. Most types symbiotic mutualism involve the supply of energy from one partner to the other, whether autotroph to heterotroph (284) or between heterotrophs

  

Citation- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)

My Notes- Mr Black

Substitution

Mutation: Substitution

What is Substitution?

Substitution is a mutation that occurs when a base of a nucleotide is switched out for a another one.

What can Substitution do?

• change a codon to one that codes for a different amino acid and cause a small shift in the protein produced. For example, sickle cell anemia is caused by a substitution which changes an amino acid in the protein produced.

• change a codon to the same codon causing no change in the amino acid sequence which are called silent mutations. For example, Adenine is switched out for Adenine.

• change an amino-acid-coding codon to a single "stop" codon and cause an incomplete protein. This can have serious effects since the incomplete protein probably won't function. This is thus the worst case of substitution. To emphasize this more clearly, a codon UAU has one of its bases changed so its now UAG which means "stop".

This is the least fatal mutation out of all of the mutations which are insertion and deletion

Reflection

Mutations explain how disorders or cancer develops perfectly and to know that there is a least deadly kind of mutation eases the paranoia.

Citation

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/mutations_03

Genetics: Incomplete Dominance - Skylar Oliver

Main Ideas:

- Incomplete dominance is when organisms with two different phenotypes cross to produce an offspring which has a third phenotype, the offspring displays a blend of the parental traits.

- Incomplete dominance is an example of non-Mendelian genetics that implies that there is no trait that is dominant over the other. 

- The overall thing you have to remember is that offsprings are a mixture of the of both parents. (Ex: red + white flower = pink flower)

Punnet square:

- You can still use a Punnet square to solve problems involving incomplete dominance. The only difference is that instead of using a capital letter for the dominant trait & a lowercase letter for the recessive trait, the letters you are both going to be capital (because neither trait dominates the other). 

- You also use apostrophes to decipher between your different traits since both are capital. 

- ( Ex: Red = R  and White = R',  Pink = RR')

The trick is to recognize when you are dealing with a question involving incomplete dominance. 

There are two steps to this:

1.) Notice that the offspring is showing a 3rd phenotype. The parents each have one, and the offspring are different from the parents.

2.) Notice that the trait in the offspring is a blend (mixing) of the parental traits.

Reflection: Overall this was a simple topic that I mainly knew about from class. I find that genetics are very interesting and how many different combinations you can get when combining two phenotypes together. You can use incomplete dominance outside of biology when you are trying to determine what you flowers are going to look like when you are gardening or what kind of traits you can expect to receive when breeding different animals. 

Citations: 

- Class notes from Mr. Black

- "Incomplete & Codominance". Hobart.k12.in.us. N.p., 2017. Web. 19 May 2017

- "Dominance (Genetics)". En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 19 May 2017.

Abiogenesis

Abiogenesis

by Morgan Fletcher 

Abiogenesis: Generation of life from non-living thing. 

EOC Review: https://quizlet.com/1096421/abiogenesis-flash-cards/

Examples of abiogenesis: 

How frogs come to life? 

-  rain of fishes and frogs

Who: Aristotle was the first scientist to promote the theory of abiogenesis

Reflection I didn't know what this was at first but once we went over it in class this topic is very basic. 

The thing that surprise me was how people thought something could come from nothing. 

Websites used: 

Mr.Black notes 

https://quizlet.com/13989166/chapter-1-flash-cards/